Simultaneously quantitative analysis of 35 components in gualoupi injection using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry / 药学学报

A hydrophilic interaction chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous quantification of 35 components in gualoupi injection. The analytes were separated with an ACQUITY XBridge Amide column using 20 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate aqueous solution (pH 3.0) as mobile phase A and 20 mmol·L-1 ammonium formate (pH 3.0)∶acetonitrile (1∶9) as mobile phase B for gradient elution. Mass spectrometry with dynamic multiple reaction monitoring and external standard method were used for quantitative analysis. A total of 35 components were determined in 10 batches of gualoupi injection. The results showed that the 35 compounds had a good linear relationship within their respective concentration ranges with the correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.998 0), the recoveries ranged from 76.6% to 118.5%. The results showed that γ-aminobutyric acid, trigonelline, alanine, threonine, homoserine, citrulline, and leucine were abundant in gualoupi injection, while nicotinamide, methylsuccinic acid, cytosine and choline account for a low percentege. The present study provides an important reference for elucidation of the effective material basis and the improvement of quality standard of gualoupi injection.

NKD1 promotes glucose uptake in colon cancer cells by activating YWHAE transcription / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#Bo investigate the regulatory relationship between NKD1 and YWHAE and the mechanism of NKD1 for promoting tumor cell proliferation.@*METHODS@#HCT116 cells transfected with pcDNA3.0-NKD1 plasmid, SW620 cells transfected with NKD1 siRNA, HCT116 cells with stable NKD1 overexpression (HCT116-NKD1 cells), SW620 cells with nkd1knockout (SW620-nkd1-/- cells), and SW620-nkd1-/- cells transfected with pcDNA3.0-YWHAE plasmid were examined for changes in mRNA and protein expression levels of YWHAE using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was used to detect the binding of NKD1 to the promoter region of YWHAE gene. The regulatory effect of NKD1 on YWHAE gene promoter activity was analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, and the interaction between NKD1 and YWHAE was analyzed with immunofluorescence assay. The regulatory effect of NKD1 on glucose uptake was examined in the tumor cells.@*RESULTS@#In HCT116 cells, overexpression of NKD1 significantly enhanced the expression of YWHAE at both the mRNA and protein levels, while NKD1 knockout decreased its expression in SW620 cells (P < 0.001). ChIP assay showed that NKD1 protein was capable of binding to the YWHAE promoter sequence; dual luciferase reporter gene assay showed that NKD1 overexpression (or knockdown) in the colon cancer cells significantly enhanced (or reduced) the transcriptional activity of YWHAE promoter (P < 0.05). Immunofluorescence assay demonstrated the binding of NKD1 and YWHAE proteins in colon cancer cells. NKD1 knockout significantly reduced glucose uptake in colon cancer cells (P < 0.01), while YWHAE overexpression restored the glucose uptake in NKD1-knockout cells (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#NKD1 protein activates the transcriptional activity of YWHAE gene to promote glucose uptake in colon cancer cells.

Effectiveness analysis of "tail compression fixation+suture bridge" technology under shoulder arthroscopy for treating primary tear in medial enthesis of rotator cuff / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of "tail compression fixation+suture bridge" technology under shoulder arthroscopy for treating primary tear in medial enthesis of rotator cuff.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 11 patients with primary tear in medial enthesis of rotator cuff who met the selection criteria between October 2020 and October 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including 3 males and 8 females, aged 39-79 years, with an average of 61.0 years. Rotator cuff injury was caused by traumatic fall in 8 cases, and the time from injury to admission was 1-4 months, with an average of 2.0 months; the remaining 3 cases had no obvious inducement. The active range of motion of the affected shoulder was limited, with an active forward flexion range of motion of (64.1±10.9)°, abduction of (78.1±6.4)°, internal rotation of (48.2±6.6)°, and external rotation of (41.8±10.5)°; 5 cases had shoulder stiffness. The preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score was 7.8±0.8 and the American Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score was 23.9±6.4. The patients were treated with "tail compression fixation+suture bridge" technology under shoulder arthroscopy, and the pain and functional recovery were evaluated by VAS score, ASES score, and active range of motion of shoulder joint at last follow-up; MRI was performed after operation, and the integrity of rotator cuff was evaluated by Sugaya classification system.@*RESULTS@#All the 11 patients were followed up 2-22 months, with an average of 13.5 months. All incisions healed by first intention, and there was no complication such as infection, rotator cuff re-tear, and anchor falling off. At last follow-up, the VAS score was 0.8±0.7 and the ASES score was 93.5±4.2, which significantly improved when compared with those before operation ( P<0.05). All 11 patients had no significant swelling in the shoulders, and the active range of motion was (165.1±8.8)° in flexion, (75.3±8.4)° in abduction, (56.6±5.5)° in internal rotation, and (51.8±4.0)° in external rotation, which significantly improved when compared with those before operation ( P<0.05). Shoulder MRI showed adequate tendon thickness and good continuity in 9 cases, including 4 cases with partial high signal area; and 2 cases with inadequate tendon thickness but high continuity and partial high signal area. According to Sugaya classification system, there were 4 cases of type 1 (36.4%), 5 cases of type 2 (45.5%), and 2 cases of type 3 (18.1%).@*CONCLUSION@#For the patients with primary tear in medial enthesis of rotator cuff, the "tail compression fixation+suture bridge" technology under shoulder arthroscopy is simple and effective.

Effect of MXRA7 on the Biological Functions of Acute B Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Line REH / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To discover the relationship between matrix remodeling associated 7 (MXRA7) and acute B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and explore the effect of MXRA7 on the biological functions of B-ALL cell line REH.@*METHODS@#The expression of MXRA7 in blood diseases was searched and analyzed through BloodSpot database. Real-time qPCR was used to detect the expression level of MXRA7 in B-ALL cell line 697 and REH cells. Lentivirus-mediated shRNA interference technology was utilized to knock down the expression of MXRA7 in REH cells. The effects of MXRA7 on the biological functions of REH cells were studied by in vitro experiments. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay, cell cycle was detected by PI staining, cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin V and 7-AAD staining, and the expression of apoptosis pathway related proteins was detected by Western blot.@*RESULTS@#Database analysis showed that MXRA7 was highly expressed in B-ALL patients, and real-time qPCR results showed that MXRA7 was also highly expressed in cell lines 697 and REH cells. Knockdown of MXRA7 in REH cells inhibited the cell proliferation and increased the percentage of G0/G1 phase cells. After treatment with cytarabine, the apoptotic ratio was increased in MXRA7-impaired REH cells, and the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were also increased.@*CONCLUSION@#Knockdown of MXRA7 can reduce the malignancy of REH cells by inhibiting the cell proliferation and increasing the sensitivity of REH cells to cytarabine. These results indicate MXRA7 may be as a novel target for the treatment of B-ALL, and the potential usefulness of MXRA7 in B-ALL deserves further investigation.

Correlation between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cognitive dysfunction / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To analyze the correlation between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cognitive dysfunction.Methods:This is a case-control study. From February 2022 to October 2022, 32 COPD patients (inpatient and outpatient) from the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and Rehabilitation Medical Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and 32 healthy subjects were recruited. All participants underwent a thorough evaluation, which included Montreal Assessment of Cognitive Function (MoCA), visuospatial n-back task included accuracy (ACC) and mean response time (RT), the pulmonary functions including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV 1), one-second rate (FEV 1/FVC) and maximum volume per minute (MVV), Health Survey Short Form (SF-36), and St. George′s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). The correlation between cognitive dysfunction and lung function, SF-36 and SGRQ in COPD patients were analyzed. Results:The prevalence of smoking, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in the two groups were significantly different (all P<0.05). MoCA score, 1-back ACC and 2-back ACC in COPD group were significantly lower than those in healthy control group [(23.86±4.50) vs (27.55±1.29) points, (76.82%±16.60%) vs (90.61%±7.40%), (67.93%±10.10%) vs (78.74%±10.38%), all P<0.001]; 2-back RT was significantly higher than that of healthy group [(316.43±108.17) vs (254.09±101.62) ms, P<0.05]; and the Physiological function (PF), physiological function (RP), emotional function (RE), energy (VT), social function (SF), physical pain (BP) in SF-36 were significantly worse than the healthy control group (all P<0.05). The MoCA score of COPD group was positively correlated with FEV 1/FVC ( r=0.501, P=0.018). The 1-back ACC was positively correlated with FEV 1 and FEV 1/FVC ( r=0.568, 0.634; both P<0.05). The 1-back RT was negatively correlated with FEV 1/FVC and MVV ( r=-0.452, -0.534; both P<0.05). The 2-back ACC was positively correlated with FEV 1/FVC ( r=0.426, P=0.048). The 2-back RT was negatively correlated with MVV ( r=-0.571, P=0.006). In COPD group, MoCA score was negatively correlated with activity, influence and total score in SGRQ ( r=-0.533, -0.466, -0.521; all P<0.05). The 1-back ACC was negatively correlated with activity, influence and total score ( r=-0.552, -0.517, -0.584; all P<0.05). The 1-back RT was positively correlated with activity, influence and total score ( r=0.430, 0.379, 0.417; all P<0.05). The 2-back ACC was negatively correlated with impact and total score ( r=-0.398, -0.412; both P<0.05). Conclusion:COPD patients have impaired cognitive function, which is mainly manifested by the decline of working memory and executive function, and is correlated with the lung function, general health condition and quality of life.

Prediction of diffuse glioma grade and tumor cell proliferative activity by synthetic MRI combined with three dimensional arterial spin labeling imaging / 中华放射学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the value of synthetic MRI combined with three dimensional-arterial spin labeling (3D-ASL) imaging in the grading of diffuse glioma and its correlation with tumor cell proliferative activity (Ki-67).Methods:This study was prospective. The clinical and imaging manifestations of 66 patients with diffuse glioma who underwent synthetic MRI combined with 3D-ASL imaging from August 2020 to June 2021 in General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University were analyzed. Among 66 patients, there were 36 males and 30 females, aged 4-76 years, and divided into low grade glioma (LGG) group ( n=25) (WHO Ⅱ) and high grade glioma (HGG) group ( n=41) (WHO Ⅲ and vⅣ). T 1, T 2, proton density (PD) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) of tumor parenchyma were measured by GE ADW4.7 postprocessing software. The Ki-67 label index (Ki-67 LI) in postoperative pathological sections was detected by immunohistochemistry. Independent sample t test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences of quantitative parameters between HGG group and LGG group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of T 1, PD, CBF and the combination. Spearman test was used to analyze the correlation between the parameters and Ki-67 label index (LI). Results:T 1[(1 573±173)ms], PD[(86.2±2.4)pu] and CBF[(129±48)ml·100 g -1·min -1] in HGG group were significantly higher than those in LGG group [(1 376±134)ms, (83.0±2.5)pu and (77±49)ml·100g -1·min -1 respectively], and difference had statistical significance ( t=-4.86, -5.08, -4.24, P<0.01). ROC confirmed that the area under curve (AUC) of T 1, PD and CBF in differentiating HGG from LGG were 0.847, 0.843 and 0.777, respectively. In multi-parameter analysis, the combination of three parameters had the best diagnostic efficiency (AUC=0.973) and the sensitivity and specificity were 87.8% and 100%, respectively. In LGG and HGG groups, there was no correlation between T 1, T 2, PD, CBF and Ki-67 LI. In the overall cohort, T 1, PD and CBF had slight positive correlation with Ki-67 LI ( r=0.394, 0.411 and 0.406, respectively, all P<0.01). There was no correlation between T 2 and Ki-67 LI ( r=-0.100, P=0.423). Conclusion:Synthetic MRI and 3D-ASL can noninvasively evaluate the pathological grade of glioma and predict the expression of Ki-67, among which T 1 and PD are novel imaging marks.

The expression of leucine zipper EF-hand domain transmembrane protein 1, sodium hydrogen exchange protein 1 and adenylate cyclase related protein 2 in gastric cancer tissues and their predictive value for postoperative recurrence / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To investigate the expression of leucine zipper EF-hand domain transmembrane protein 1 (LETM1), sodium hydrogen exchange protein 1 (NHE-1) and adenylate cyclase related protein 2 (CAP2) in gastric cancer tissues and the predictive value for postoperative recurrence.Methods:The clinical data of 92 patients with early gastric cancer who underwent surgical treatment from January 2017 to January 2020 in Jiangsu Haimen People′s Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. According to the recurrence condition 6 months after operation, the patients were divided into recurrence group (16 cases) and non recurrence group (76 cases). The expression levels of LETM1, NHE-1 and CAP2 mRNA in cancer tissues and adjacent tissues were detected by real time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Multifactor Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the related influencing factors of postoperative recurrence. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn, and the effectiveness of LETM1, NHE-1 and CAP2 mRNA in predicting recurrence was analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was drawn, and the survival rate was analyzed in patients with different expression levels of LETM1, NHE-1 and CAP2 mRNA.Results:The LETM1, NHE-1 and CAP2 mRNA in cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in adjacent tissues (0.41±0.12 vs. 0.22±0.07, 0.85±0.27 vs. 0.49±0.15 and 0.31±0.10 vs. 0.19±0.06), and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01). The proportion of N 1 stage in recurrent group was significantly higher than that in non recurrent group: 9/16 vs. 22.37% (17/76), and there was statistical difference ( P<0.05); the LETM1, NHE-1 and CAP2 mRNA of cancer tissues in recurrent group were significantly higher than those in non recurrent group (0.61±0.20 vs. 0.37±0.13, 1.24±0.38 vs. 0.77±0.21 and 0.60±0.19 vs. 0.25±0.10), and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01). Multifactor Logistic regression analysis result showed that, after controlled N stages, the LETM1, NHE-1 and CAP2 mRNA were still independent risk factors for postoperative recurrence in patients with gastric cancer ( OR = 1.52, 3.11 and 1.21; 95% CI 1.26 to 1.82, 2.36 to 4.09 and 1.04 to 1.41; P<0.01). ROC curve analysis result showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of LETM1, NHE-1 and CAP2 mRNA for predicting postoperative recurrence in patients with gastric cancer were 0.768, 0.802 and 0.850, respectively. The AUC of combination the indexes for predicting postoperative recurrence in patients with gastric cancer was 0.965. According to the cut-off value of ROC curve, the patients were divided into LETM1 mRNA high expression (>0.54, 30 cases) and low expression (≤0.54, 62 cases), NHE-1 mRNA high expression (>1.09, 35 cases) and low expression (≤1.09, 57 cases), CAP2 mRNA high expression (>0.49, 28 cases) and low expression (≤0.49, 64 cases). Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis result showed that the survival rates in patients with high expression of LETM1, NHE-1 and CAP2 mRNA were significantly lower than those in patients with low expression (73.33% vs. 98.39%, 80.00% vs. 96.49% and 78.57% vs. 95.31%), and there were statistical differences ( χ2 = 15.08, 6.95 and 6.75, P<0.01). Conclusions:LETM1, NHE-1 and CAP2 mRNA are related to the recurrence of early gastric cancer after surgery. The detection of the 3 markers is expected to provide a new strategy for the prediction of postoperative recurrence.

Polysaccharide Krestin Prevents Alzheimer's Disease-type Pathology and Cognitive Deficits by Enhancing Monocyte Amyloid-β Processing / 神经科学通报·英文版

Deficits in the clearance of amyloid β protein (Aβ) by the peripheral system play a critical role in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Impaired uptake of Aβ by dysfunctional monocytes is deemed to be one of the major mechanisms underlying deficient peripheral Aβ clearance in AD. In the current study, flow cytometry and biochemical and behavioral techniques were applied to investigate the effects of polysaccharide krestin (PSK) on AD-related pathology in vitro and in vivo. We found that PSK, widely used in therapy for various cancers, has the potential to enhance Aβ uptake and intracellular processing by human monocytes in vitro. After administration of PSK by intraperitoneal injection, APP/PS1 mice performed better in behavioral tests, along with reduced Aβ deposition, neuroinflammation, neuronal loss, and tau hyperphosphorylation. These results suggest that PSK holds promise as a preventive agent for AD by strengthening the Aβ clearance by blood monocytes and alleviating AD-like pathology.

Multilevel analysis of factors influencing mental health of nursing staff in four provinces in China / 环境与职业医学

Background Nursing staff are often exposed to a variety of occupational risk factors in the working environment, such as long working hours and heavy workload, which associated with adverse mental health outcomes. And these factors may not be randomly distributed across different levels. Objective To explore mental health risk factors of nursing staff by multilevel analysis. Methods A cross-sectional survey of nursing staff in Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was conducted through convenience sampling from 2018 to 2021. Data were collected by self-report questionnaires. The mental component summaries of 12-Iitem Short Form Health Survey were used to evaluate the mental health status of nursing staff, and related factors were collected atindividual level, including gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, drinking status, working years, pain intensity of musculoskeletal disorders, and working hours per week, and at regional level, including gross domestic product (GDP) level of each province. A two-level model was established by incorporating both individual and regional factors, and deviance was used to test the goodness of fit of the model. A traditional generalized linear model was also established, and then compared with the multilevel model. Results A total of 567 nurses participated in this study, and the valid rate of questionnaire was 80.08%. The results of the multilevel model showed that the regional factor contributed 12.1% to the mental component summaries. As to the regional factor, GDP was negatively correlated with mental health of nursing staff, the adjusted OR (AOR) was −0.53 (95%CI: −0.66-−0.28). Among the factors at individual level, the mental component summaries of females were lower than those of males (AOR=−3.25, 95%CI: −4.73-−0.35); the longer the working years, the higher the mental health score (AOR=0.11, 95%CI: 0.06-0.20); working hours per week (AOR=−0.10, 95%CI: −0.14-−0.03) and pain intensity of musculoskeletal disorders (AOR=−0.05, 95%CI: −0.06-−0.03) were negatively correlated with mental component summaries. The results of the generalized linear model included the same factors as the multilevel model, but the 95%CIs of AOR of the factors in the multilevel model were narrower, and the deviation value of the multilevel model was the smallest, indicating that the goodness of fit of the multilevel model was better than that of the traditional linear model. Conclusion The mental health of nursing staff is not only affected by individual level factors, but also affected by regional level factors. It suggests that combining different levels of intervention measures can upscale the effect of improving mental health in nursing staff.

A clinical outcomes assessment tool based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To confirm items included in a tool for assessing clinical outcomes based on International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Rehabilitation Set.Methods:The item pool was established based on the ICF Rehabilitation Set. Then 15 experts were invited to participate in three rounds of expert Delphi consensus-building to choose items with high importance in assessing clinical outcomes. The reliability of the tool was examined by analyzing the experts′ positive coefficients, authority coefficients and degree of agreement.Results:The assessment tool which emerged from the three rounds comprised 17 items, including 8 Body Functions items (b130 Energy and drive functions, b134 Sleep functions, b152 Emotional functions, b280 Sensation of pain, b455 Exercise tolerance functions, b620 Urination functions, b710 Mobility of joint functions and b730 Muscle power functions), d230 Carrying out daily routine from General Tasks and Demands, 3 Mobility items (d410 Changing basic body position, d450 Walking and d465 Moving around using equipment), 4 Self-care items (d510 Washing oneself, d530 Toileting, d540 Dressing and d550 Eating) and 1 item of Interpersonal Interactions and Relationships (d710 Basic interpersonal interactions). All had 100% positive coefficients after the three rounds, with an authority coefficient of 0.81 and coefficients of variation between 0.054 and 0.412.Conclusion:The assessment tool constructed in this study provides a new direction for quality control in clinical practice and medical insurance assessments.

Quality evaluation of Xin ’an capsules by combination of fingerprint ，multi-component quantitative analysis and chemical pattern recognition analysis / 中国药房

OBJE CTIVE To establish a method for quality evaluation of Xin ’an capsule by combining fingerprint ， multi-component quantitative analysis and chemical pattern recognition analysis. METHODS High performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）combined with Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Chromatogram Fingerprint （2012 edition）were used to establish the fingerprints of 24 batches of Xin ’an capsules and evaluate the similarity. The common peaks were determined. The contents of glucosylvitexin ，rhamnosylvitexin，vitexin，hyperoside and isoquercetin in Xin ’an capsules were determined by the same HPLC method. Taking the common peak area of fingerprint as the variable ，MetaboAnalyst 5.0 tool was used to draw the cluster analysis （CA）heat map. SIMCA 14.1 software was used to perform principle component analysis （PCA）and partial least squares-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）. RESULTS Twelve common peaks were identified with the similarity greater than 0.97. Six common peaks were identified as chlorogenic acid ，glucosylvitexin，rhamnosylvitexin，vitexin，hyperoside and isoquercetin.The linear range of glucosylvitexin ，rhamnosylvitexin，vitexin， hyperoside and isoquercetin were 2.36-151.35，9.15-585.20， 1.20-76.50， 0.68-43.20， 0.44-27.90 µg/mL（all r＞0.999）.RSDs of precision ，repeatability and stability （24 h）tests were 163.com all less than 2.00％ . The average recoveries were 95.80％（RSD＝0.96％ ，n＝6），102.10％ （RSD＝0.93％ ，n＝6）， 103.26％（RSD＝1.28％，n＝6），103.89％（RSD＝0.73％，n＝6） and 102.09％（RSD＝1.79％，n＝6），respectively. The contents of the five components were 0.988 8-1.559 1，4.336 6-11.220 1， 0.065 1-0.830 5，0.043 8-0.692 5 and 0.023 2-0.427 2 mg/grain，respectively. The results of CA and PCA showed that 24 batches of samples could be divided into three categories ，i.e. S 1-S15，S16-S18 and S 19-S24. PLS-DA showed that variable importance in projection values of the corresponding component of peak 6 and glucosylvitexin （peak 7），rhamnosylvitexin（peak 8），hyperoside （peak 10） and isoquercetin （peak 11） were greater than 1. CONCLUSIONS The established HPLC fingerprint and multi-component quantitative method are simple and feasible. Combined with chemical pattern recognition analysis ，it can be used for the quality control of Xin ’an capsules. Glucosylvitexin ，rhamnosylvitexin and other components may be differentital markers affecting the quality of each batch of samples.

Incidence and risk factors of acute kidney injury in preterm infants: a multicenter retrospective study / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To estimate the incidence and risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) in preterm infants, and provide basis for better evaluation and treatment of renal function in preterm infants.Methods:All the hospitalized premature infants who were admitted to three research centers (Department of Neonatology at Beijing Children′s Hospital; Department of Neonatology at Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital; Department of Neonatology at Shunyi Maternal and Children′s Hospital of Beijing Children′s Hospital)from January 1, 2017 to June 30, 2019 and had more than two serum creatinine values or urine output were included.The incidence of AKI in preterm infants was calculated and the difference among different gestational weeks was compared.Preterm infants were divided into AKI and non-AKI groups according to AKI diagnostic criteria, and the clinical characteristics between two groups were compared, and the risk factors of AKI in preterm infants were analyzed.Results:A total of 763 premature infants were included in the analysis.Twenty two cases were diagnosed with AKI.The incidence of AKI in premature infants was 2.9%.The incidence of AKI was 33.3% (3/9), 3.7% (5/134), and 2.3% (14/620) in the 24-27 + 6 weeks, 28-31 + 6 weeks, and 32-36 + 6 weeks gestational age, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=31.010, P<0.001). Preterm infants in AKI group had a higher proportion of males(77.3% vs. 53.3%), lower gestational weeks[29(27, 33) weeks vs.31(29, 33)weeks], higher proportions of infants with diabetic mothers(40.9% vs.19.4%), lower Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes[8(7, 10) vs.9(8, 10), 9(9, 10) vs.10(9, 10), respectively], higher proportions of invasive and noninvasive respiratory support(45.5% vs.11.3%, 63.6% vs.19.2%, respectively), longer duration of invasive respiratory support[260(136, 742)h vs.72(18, 160)h], longer hospital stays[66(19, 88)d vs.42(26, 58)d], and higher rates of sepsis (27.3% vs. 6.5%), respiratory distress syndrome(40.9% vs. 11.6%), and patent ductus arteriosus that requiring ibuprofen or surgical closure(13.6% vs. 3.0%), diuretic(27.3% vs. 3.9%), and vasoactive drug use (22.7% vs. 3.6%) than those in non-AKI group, and the differences were statistically significant(all P<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that sepsis was an independent risk factor for AKI in preterm infants ( P=0.039, OR=3.498, 95% CI 1.065-11.490) after adjustment of gestational age and birth weight. Conclusion:The incidence of AKI is relatively high in preterm infants with gestational age<28 weeks.Compared with preterm infants without AKI, preterm infants with AKI have smaller gestational weeks and longer hospital stay.Sepsis is an independent risk factor for AKI in preterm infants.

Application Progress of Plant Growth Regulator in Production of Chinese Medicinal Materials / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Plant growth regulator （PGR） is mostly a class of chemical synthesis substance with physiological activities similar to plant hormones，which can promote cell elongation，induce vascular differentiation or accelerate tissue aging via regulating the physiological processes such as photosynthesis，respiration，transpiration，signal transduction，substance absorption and operation. PGR has the advantages of small dosage，high efficiency，low toxicity and less residue，and it is widely used in the planting of Chinese medicinal herbs. By consulting the relevant literature published in recent years，this paper briefly summarizes the main types of PGR，e.g.auxins，gibberellins，cytokinins，abscisic acid and ethylene，etc. On the other hand，this article analyzes and sums up the specific applications of PGR in the manufacture of Chinese herbal medicine，for instance，promoting seed germination，improving seed setting rate or fruit setting rate，dwarfing plants，inhibiting reproductive growth，regulating gender differentiation，stimulating fruit falling，enhancing resistance and so on. The problems existing in the practical use of PGR are pointed out，non-differentiation of specific species，unreasonable combination，not paying attention to the operation method，arbitrarily increasing the dose，lack of residue limit standard and reducing the content of some effective components，for example.Meanwhile，some feasible suggestions are put forward.Not only the suitable types of PGR should be selected in a reasonable and standardized manner，but also the appropriate concentration，dosage and period of application should be chosen carefully； the dual effects of PGR on plant growth and active ingredients in medicinal organs should be concerned，so as to improve the yield and avoid the loss of effective components on the basis of ensuring the quality of Chinese medicinal materials； it is necessary to strengthen the registration of PGR in the production of Chinese medicinal materials and establish residue limit standards to provide a monitoring basis for ensuring the safety of Chinese medicine in the future.The scientific use of PGR can promote the increase of agricultural yield and farmers' income，and make the healthy development of Chinese herbal medicine planting industry.

Mechanism of Yiqi Jiedu Prescriptions in Protection of Mitochondria in PC12 Cells Against Hypoxia Injury Based on Energy Metabolism / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo establish an evaluation method for mitochondrial energy metabolism with Seahorse analyzer and investigate the protective effect of Yiqi Jiedu prescriptions （YQ） on mitochondria in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma （PC12） cells against hypoxia injury. MethodThe PC12 cell injury model was induced in vitro using hypoxic chambers. Five groups were set up， ie， a control group， a model group （model）， high- （25 µmol·L-1）， medium- （5 µmol·L-1） and low-dose （1 µmol·L-1） YQ groups， and a positive drug trimetazidine （TMZ） group， with three replicate wells in each group. The experiment was repeated three times. The established method for energy metabolism analysis was used to assay the activity of mitochondrial complex in cells and screen the optimal dosing concentration. Subsequently， the YQ group and modified YQ groups were set up， and the aerobic respiration and glycolysis function were assayed by the Seahorse analyzer. According to the non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption， proton leakage， basal respiration， maximum respiration， ATP production， and potentially improved respiration， the effects of modified YQ groups on the aerobic respiration of mitochondria damaged by hypoxia were evaluated by principal component analysis （PCA） and variable importance in projection （VIP）. The expression of cytochrome C， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） was detected by Western blot. ResultCompared with the groups of other concentrations， the optimal dosing concentration of carbonyl cyanide-4 （trifluoromethoxy）phenylhydrazone （FCCP） was 2 µmol·L-1. Compared with the model group， the medium-dose YQ group showed enhanced mitochondrial complex activity （P<0.05）. The YQ groups were superior to the model group in improvement （P<0.01）. The combination of ginsenoside and geniposide showed the optimal effect among the modified YQ groups （P<0.01）. VIP analysis revealed that for the improvement of mitochondrial respiratory function， the contribution of geniposide in YQ was the greatest. Compared with the model group， the high-dose YQ group displayed reduced leakage of mitochondrial cytochrome C （P<0.01）， decreased expression of Bax protein （P<0.01）， and increased expression of Bcl-2 protein （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionA cellular， high-throughput quantitative evaluation method for mitochondrial energy metabolism was established， which demonstrated that YQ could significantly improve the impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism in PC12 cells damaged by hypoxia， and the underlying mechanism might be related to the protection against mitochondrial apoptosis.

Chinese Medicine Monomers Regulate Autophagy of Cervical Cancer Cells： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated catabolic process that captures and degrades dysfunctional organelles and useless proteins during cellular stress process， which plays a dual role in cervical cancer. In the early stage of cervical cancer， autophagy inhibits the occurrence and development of cervical cancer by prohibiting the accumulation of oncogenic p62 protein. In the advanced stage of cervical cancer， inhibition of autophagy of cancer cells enhances the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs， thus inhibiting their proliferation. In recent years， the research on Chinese medicine monomers regulating autophagy in the treatment of cervical cancer has attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad. Chinese medicine monomers regulate the autophagy of cervical cancer cells through multiple pathways and multiple targets， so as to increase the apoptosis rate and reduce the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore， this paper reviewed the mechanism of Chinese medicine monomers in inhibiting cervical cancer through autophagy， expecting to find new breakthroughs in the discovery and development of preventive and therapeutic drugs for cervical cancer. By reviewing the literature， it was found that in the early stage of cervical cancer， Chinese medicine monomers activated autophagy to promote apoptosis of cancer cells， and the main mechanism was to increase lysosomal membrane permeability and chemotherapeutic sensitivity and activate intact autophagy flow. In the advanced stage of cervical cancer， inhibition of autophagy reduced the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs by inhibiting the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. The treatment of cervical cancer by Chinese medicine monomers regulating autophagy has achieved certain effect， but there are few clinical experimental studies and lack of reliable clinical theoretical basis. Therefore， it is essential to carry out more clinical experimental studies on Chinese medicine monomers regulating autophagy to treat cervical cancer， thus finding more reliable theoretical basis for the treatment of tumors.

Chinese Medicine Monomers Regulate Autophagy of Cervical Cancer Cells： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated catabolic process that captures and degrades dysfunctional organelles and useless proteins during cellular stress process， which plays a dual role in cervical cancer. In the early stage of cervical cancer， autophagy inhibits the occurrence and development of cervical cancer by prohibiting the accumulation of oncogenic p62 protein. In the advanced stage of cervical cancer， inhibition of autophagy of cancer cells enhances the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs， thus inhibiting their proliferation. In recent years， the research on Chinese medicine monomers regulating autophagy in the treatment of cervical cancer has attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad. Chinese medicine monomers regulate the autophagy of cervical cancer cells through multiple pathways and multiple targets， so as to increase the apoptosis rate and reduce the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore， this paper reviewed the mechanism of Chinese medicine monomers in inhibiting cervical cancer through autophagy， expecting to find new breakthroughs in the discovery and development of preventive and therapeutic drugs for cervical cancer. By reviewing the literature， it was found that in the early stage of cervical cancer， Chinese medicine monomers activated autophagy to promote apoptosis of cancer cells， and the main mechanism was to increase lysosomal membrane permeability and chemotherapeutic sensitivity and activate intact autophagy flow. In the advanced stage of cervical cancer， inhibition of autophagy reduced the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs by inhibiting the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. The treatment of cervical cancer by Chinese medicine monomers regulating autophagy has achieved certain effect， but there are few clinical experimental studies and lack of reliable clinical theoretical basis. Therefore， it is essential to carry out more clinical experimental studies on Chinese medicine monomers regulating autophagy to treat cervical cancer， thus finding more reliable theoretical basis for the treatment of tumors.

Single center investigation of anemia in children with chronic kidney disease stage 3-5D / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics of chronic kidney disease (CKD) at the stage 3-5D in children with renal anemia, and provide reference data for standardized diagnosis and treatment.Methods:A single-center retrospective study was conducted to collect clinical data in children with CKD at Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2016 to December 2018. The patients were divided into CKD stage 3 group, stage 4 group and stage 5 group according to estimated glomerular filtration rate. The indexes of anemia among the groups were compared. Data on anemia indicators, treatment, and anemia improvement in maintenance dialysis children at stage 5D were analyzed.Results:A total of 171 children with CKD were included in the study. The hemoglobin levels in CKD stage 3 group, stage 4 group and stage 5 group were (126.4±20.5) g/L, (90.8±26.0) g/L and (78.7±18.4) g/L, respectively, and there was a statistical difference among the groups ( χ2=61.982, P<0.001; trend test F=71.061, P<0.001). The incidences of anemia in children with CKD stage 3, stage 4 and stage 5 were 27.3% (9/33), 83.3% (25/30) and 95.4% (105/108), respectively. Mild, moderate and severe anemia in children with CKD stage 3 accounted for 15.2%(5/33), 12.1% (4/33) and 0(0), respectively. Mild, moderate and severe anemia in children with CKD stage 4 accounted for 26.7% (8/30), 50.0% (15/30) and 6.7% (2/30), respectively. Mild, moderate and severe anemia in children with CKD stage 5 accounted for 21.3%(23/108), 60.2%(65/108) and 15.8%(17/108), respectively. Anemia type was mostly normocytic anemia. The hemoglobin of 30 children with CKD stage 5D at the initial stage of dialysis was (79.3±16.3) g/L. Twenty-three children with CKD stage 5D received erythropoietin combined with oral iron or intravenous iron therapy. The hemoglobin compliance rates in children with maintenance dialysis in initial phase, 1 month, 2 months and 3 months were 6.7% (2/30), 16.7%(5/30), 63.3%(19/30) and 90.0%(27/30), respectively. The correction time for anemia was (2.5±1.0) months. Twelve children with CKD stage 5D received iron sucrose infusion, and no adverse reaction occurred. Conclusions:Renal anemia has a high incidence in children with CKD. Early and standardized treatment is of great significance to improve outcome of renal anemia. Venous iron infusion is a safe and effective treatment method for children with maintenance dialysis.

Advances in formation and application of self-assembled nanoparticles from traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

Due to the diverse sources and unique structures, the chemical components of Chinese medicinal materials are easy to self-assemble to form nanoparticles. The formation of self-assembled nanoparticles(SAN) can not only affect the absorption and distribution of the effective ingredients in Chinese medicinal materials but also may improve the biological activity of the effective ingredients or their simple mixtures, which is of great significance for revealing the compatibility mechanism of Chinese medicine prescription, developing new Chinese medicine products, and producing new nanomaterials. This paper reviews the formation, isolation, characterization, and application of SAN of Chinese medicines, and discusses the problems and development trends of the relevant research, which can provide reference for the further study and promote the innovation and application of such SAN.

Comparison of Determination Methods of Saccharides in Polygonatum cyrtonema and Optimization of Its Wine- steaming Technology / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To compare the methods for the con tent determination of polysaccharide and reducing sugar in Polygonatum cyrtonema， and to optimize the wine-steaming technology of P. cyrtonema . METHODS ： The contents of polysaccharide in P. cyrtonema were determined by anthrone-sulfuric acid method and phenol-sulfuric acid method. The contents of reducing sugar in P. cyrtonema were determined by anthrone-sulfuric acid method ， phenol-sulfuric acid method and 3， 5-dinitrosalicylic acid （DNS）method，respectively. Taking appearance and property scores of processed products ，the contents of polysaccharide，reducing sugar and total sugar as indicators ，the amount of alcohol added ，steaming time and moistening time as factors，the wine-steaming technology of P. cyrtonema was optimized by Latin square design. The contents of polysaccharide ， reducing sugar and total sugar were compared before and after steaming. RESULTS ：The linear ranges of polysaccharide and reducing sugar obtained by anthrone-sulfuric acid method were both 0.006 6-0.033 mg/mL（R2＝0.999 9）. RSDs of precision ， stability（90 min）and reproducibility tests were all lower than 3％ and 2％，respectively. Average recoveries were 99.75％（RSD＝ 0.48％，n＝6）and 103.40％（RSD＝1.25％，n＝6），respectively. The linear ranges of polysaccharide and reducing sugar obtained by phenol-sulfuric acid method were both 0.002 5-0.025 mg/mL（R2＝0.999 2）. RSDs of precision ，stability （90 min） and reproducibility tests were all lower than 5％ and 6％，respectively. Average recoveries were 112.80％（RSD＝2.36％，n＝6）and 99.20％（RSD＝3.47％，n＝6）. The linear range of reducing sugar obtained by DNS method was 0.01-0.18 mg/mL（R2＝0.999 9）. RSDs of precision ，stability（90 min）and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2％. Average recoveries was 96.95％（RSD＝ 1.19％，n＝6）. The optimal wine-steaming technology of P. cyrtonema included the amount of alcohol added of 20％，moistening time of 2 h and steaming time of 7 h. RSDs of average contents of polysaccharide ，reducing sugar and total sugar in wine-steamed products were all lower than 3％ in 3 times of validation tests （n＝3）. The average contents of polysaccharide ，reducing sugar and total sugar in 4 batches of P. cyrtonema were 16.3％，11.2％ and 27.4％；those of 4 batches of wine-steamed products were 3.4％， 61.0％ and 64.4％，respectively. CONCLUSIONS ：The anthrone- ） sulfuric acid method is the best for the determination of poly- saccharide in P. cyrtonema ；DNS method is the best for the pandongmei1228@126.com determination of reducing sugar in P. cyrtonema. The content ofpolysaccharide in wine-steamed products is decreased signifi- cantly，while the contents of reducing sugar and total sugar are increased significantly.

Cognition of Ovarian Cancer Microenvironment in Traditional Chinese Medicine from Perspective of "Yin-Yang Balance" / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Ovarian cancer， one of gynecological malignancies， is often diagnosed at the late stage because of the atypical early symptoms and has become a major killer of women. Research has found that the co-evolution of tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment is an important cause for the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer. It is believed in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） that Yin and Yang are the roots of everything， and their balance， namely Yin being at peace and Yang being compact （“Yin Ping Yang Mi”） is a sign of good health. The mutual opposition， restriction， and rooting of Yin and Yang as well as their waning and waxing and transformation are the keys to maintaining the balance. In TCM， ovarian cancer falls into the category of abdominal mass， which results from the struggle between healthy Qi and evil Qi. When the healthy Qi is deficient and the evil Qi is excessive， the balance between Yin and Yang will be destroyed， triggering the body and ovarian cancer microenvironment as well as the relevant factors in the inflammatory microenvironment to be mutually opposed， restricted， and transformed， highly consistent with the dynamic development of Yin and Yang. At present， the studies concerning TCM intervention in the inflammatory microenvironment of ovarian cancer mostly focus on the signaling pathways to reveal the advantages of TCM multiple components against cancer cells via multiple targets， but they fail to explain the TCM efficacy from the perspective of Yin-Yang balance. Therefore， guided by the concept of Yin-Yang balance， this paper macroscopically and microscopically explored the effects of the changed factors in inflammatory microenvironment on the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer， and put forward that the prevention and control principles of ovarian cancer should lie in the "adjustment of Yin-Yang balance"， accompanied by healthy Qi reinforcement and pathogen elimination. This paper has laid the foundation for the elucidation of modern research achievements regarding the ovarian cancer microenvironment with TCM theory and provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of ovarian cancer with integrated TCM and western medicine.